A calcium oxide-based catalyst derived from palm kernel shell gasification residues for biodiesel production

Alireza Bazargan, Milan D. Kostić, Olivera S. Stamenković, Vlada B. Veljković, Gordon McKay*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

106 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The fruit of oil-palm trees is used to extract millions of tons of palm oil annually across the globe. The extraction of palm oil leaves behind various residues such as empty fruit bunches, mill sludge and fibers, shells, and palm kernel cake. Considering the large amounts of solid organic wastes that are produced in oil palm mills, there is a need for their recovery and utilization. Palm kernel shells (PKS) are the most difficult fraction of the solid waste to decompose. In this work, PKS solid residues which had been subjected to thermal treatment in a gasifier were used as raw materials for the production of a calcium oxide (quicklime/burnt lime) catalyst. The produced catalyst was fully characterized by SEM-EDX, XRF, XRD, CHNS, TGA, and BET analyses. In addition, the basic strength and basicity of the catalyst were determined. The catalytic activity of the CaO-based catalyst was verified in transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol. The effect of the catalyst loading on the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) formation at a methanol-to-sunflower oil ratio (9:1) at 60°C was studied. The results show that the calcium carbonate contained in the palm kernel shell biochars is a promising source for calcium oxide catalyst production.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)519-525
Number of pages7
JournalFuel
Volume150
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 15 Jun 2015
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • Biochars
  • Biodiesel
  • Calcium oxide
  • Catalyst
  • Palm kernel shells
  • Transesterification

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