Activated carbon prepared from hazelnut shell waste and magnetized by Fe3O4 nanoparticles for highly efficient adsorption of fluoride

Tariq J. Al-Musawi, Gordon McKay, Abdullah Kadhim, Maryam Masoumi Joybari, Davoud Balarak*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

15 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

This study involved the preparation of magnetized activated carbon (Fe3O4-HSAC) by first activating hazelnut shell waste, followed by coating it by Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The Fe3O4-HSAC thus prepared was evaluated as an adsorbent possessing the potential for fluoride to elimination, under a variety of conditions. From the findings, it is evident that by using the Fe3O4-HSAC as an adsorbent 100% fluoride removal could be accomplished under the optimum conditions cited (adsorbent dose = 0.75 g/L; pH = 3-5; and temperature = 323 K). The Halsey and Freundlich isotherm models both concurred strongly with the equilibrium adsorption data, and from the results of the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity was achieved at 146.2 mg/g when the temperature was 298 K and pH was 5. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model offered the best explanation for the adsorption process. Besides, both the intra-particle diffusion and liquid film diffusion models were found to control the kinetic mechanism of the fluoride adsorption onto the Fe3O4-HSAC. The quantity of adsorption energy provided using the Dubinin-Radushkevich model was 4.59 kJ/mol, indicating that the physical adsorption was predominant. Further, the negative values of Gibbs free energy change (Delta G degrees = -2.73 to -8.11 kJ/mol at temperature = 288 to 318 K, respectively) and the positive values of enthalpy change (Delta H degrees = 56.01 kJ/mol) and entropy change (Delta S degrees = 0.198 kJ/mol. K) suggest that the nature of the adsorption thermodynamics is endothermic, spontaneous, and physical. From this study, the observation of the outstanding performance of the Fe3O4-HSAC helped to conclude that this is a material of promise as a treatment agent in the fluoride elimination from contaminated water and wastewater.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)4687-4702
Number of pages16
JournalBiomass Conversion and Biorefinery
Volume14
Issue number4
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Feb 2024

Keywords

  • Error function
  • Fe3O4-HSAC
  • Fluoride adsorption
  • Isotherm
  • Kinetic
  • Models

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