Bioprinting: A review of processes, materials and applications

3D printing (3DP) processes have evolved from simple prototyping for visual inspection purposes to functional product manufacturing that offers flexibility, customization, scalability, reliability, durability, and relatively high speed. These processes have been successfully applied to the biomedical field by unraveling previously inaccessible freedom layers, such as increased design complexity. Bioprinting is one of the 3DP processes that has helped develop more advanced research-specific experimental tools and patient-specific therapeutic approaches. Given ongoing research progress in this field, a comprehensive review of existing achievements is vital. This review aims to present recent advances in 3DP processes with a particular focus on bioprinting. This study presents the history and development of bioprinting processes, the material developments in this field, and their applications. The selected bioprinting applications in the fabrication of 3D tissue-engineered constructs for bone, osteochondral, skin, and cardiac reconstruction are presented to demonstrate its potential in the further advancement of this multidisciplinary field of research and development.