TY - JOUR
T1 - Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
AU - Nayebare, Shedrack R.
AU - Aburizaiza, Omar S.
AU - Khwaja, Haider A.
AU - Siddique, Azhar
AU - Hussain, Mirza M.
AU - Zeb, Jahan
AU - Khatib, Fida
AU - Carpenter, David O.
AU - Blake, Donald R.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research.
PY - 2016/12
Y1 - 2016/12
N2 - The present study describes the measurement, chemical characterization and delineation of sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Rabigh, Saudi Arabia. The 24-h PM2.5 was collected from May 6th–June 17th, 2013. The sources of various air pollutants and their characterization was carried by computations of Enrichment Factor (EF), Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Backward-in-time Trajectories. The 24-h PM2.5 showed significant temporal variability with average (37 ± 16.2 µg m−3) exceeding the WHO guideline (20 µg m−3) by 2 fold. SO42−, NO3−, NH4+ and Cl− ions dominated the ionic components. Two broad categories of aerosol Trace Elements (TEs) sources were defined as anthropogenic (Ni, V, Zn, Pb, S, Lu and Br) and soil/crustal derived (Si, Rb, Ti, Fe, Mn, Mg, K, Sr, Cr, Ca, Cu, Na and Al) elements from computations of EF. Anthropogenic elements originated primarily from fossil-fuel combustion, automobile and industrial emissions. A factor analysis model (PMF) indicated the major sources of PM2.5 as Soil (Si, Al, Ti, Fe, Mg, K and Ca); Industrial Dust (Ca, Fe, Al, and Si); Fossil-Fuel combustion (V, Ni, Pb, Lu, Cu, Zn, NH4+, SO42− and BC); Vehicular Emissions (NO3−, C2O42−, V and BC) and Sea Sprays (Cl− and Na). Backward-in-time trajectories showed a significant contribution by long distance transport of fine aerosols to the overall daily PM2.5 levels. Results are consistent with previous studies and highlight the need for more comprehensive research into particulate air pollution in Rabigh and the neighboring areas. This is essential for the formulation of sustainable guidelines on air pollutant emissions in Saudi Arabia and the whole Middle East.
AB - The present study describes the measurement, chemical characterization and delineation of sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Rabigh, Saudi Arabia. The 24-h PM2.5 was collected from May 6th–June 17th, 2013. The sources of various air pollutants and their characterization was carried by computations of Enrichment Factor (EF), Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Backward-in-time Trajectories. The 24-h PM2.5 showed significant temporal variability with average (37 ± 16.2 µg m−3) exceeding the WHO guideline (20 µg m−3) by 2 fold. SO42−, NO3−, NH4+ and Cl− ions dominated the ionic components. Two broad categories of aerosol Trace Elements (TEs) sources were defined as anthropogenic (Ni, V, Zn, Pb, S, Lu and Br) and soil/crustal derived (Si, Rb, Ti, Fe, Mn, Mg, K, Sr, Cr, Ca, Cu, Na and Al) elements from computations of EF. Anthropogenic elements originated primarily from fossil-fuel combustion, automobile and industrial emissions. A factor analysis model (PMF) indicated the major sources of PM2.5 as Soil (Si, Al, Ti, Fe, Mg, K and Ca); Industrial Dust (Ca, Fe, Al, and Si); Fossil-Fuel combustion (V, Ni, Pb, Lu, Cu, Zn, NH4+, SO42− and BC); Vehicular Emissions (NO3−, C2O42−, V and BC) and Sea Sprays (Cl− and Na). Backward-in-time trajectories showed a significant contribution by long distance transport of fine aerosols to the overall daily PM2.5 levels. Results are consistent with previous studies and highlight the need for more comprehensive research into particulate air pollution in Rabigh and the neighboring areas. This is essential for the formulation of sustainable guidelines on air pollutant emissions in Saudi Arabia and the whole Middle East.
KW - Black carbon
KW - Enrichment factor
KW - PM mass reconstruction
KW - PMF
KW - Trace elements
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85001948824&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.4209/aaqr.2015.11.0658
DO - 10.4209/aaqr.2015.11.0658
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85001948824
SN - 1680-8584
VL - 16
SP - 3114
EP - 3129
JO - Aerosol and Air Quality Research
JF - Aerosol and Air Quality Research
IS - 12
ER -