Comparative analysis of the structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of Gd0.5Dy0.5Mn0.5X0.5O3 (X = Ni, Fe, and Co) nanoparticles

Depending on the type of dopant used, materials can exhibit notably different structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of Gd0.5Dy0.5Mn0.5Ni0.5O3 (GDM_Nickel), Gd0.5Dy0.5Mn0.5Fe0.5O3 (GDM_Iron), and Gd0.5Dy0.5Mn0.5Co0.5O3 (GDM_Cobalt) magnetic nanoparticles have been examined experimentally. These samples were made using the well-known sol-gel technique. The structure of the systems was ascertained using both X-Ray Diffraction patterns and Scanning Electron Microscopic studies confirming the synthesis of nanosized perovskites. With the presence of spin-glass and charge-ordering tendencies, magnetic studies revealed that these systems had a variety of magnetic states ranging from ferrimagnetic, antiferromagnetic to paramagnetic behaviors. The presence of Griffiths phase is also detected in both GDM_Nickel and GDM_Cobalt systems. The maximum entropy changes of the GDM_Nickel sample reached the highest value with 14.187 J Kg-1 at 7 T and 326 J kg-1 as a relative cooling power.