Conclusion

The world is undergoing a technology-driven transformation aimed at enhancing the preservation, revitalization, livability, and sustainability of urban areas. This shift is reflected in various government initiatives and efforts to promote and adopt smart, efficient solutions, along with significant investments in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure and advanced technologies to foster the development of smart cities (Chatti & Majeed, 2022; Rao, 2007). These cities facilitate tangible cooperation between governments and citizens through diverse initiatives to ensure sustainable urban management. As more people migrate to cities in search of better opportunities, the pressure on existing resources increases (Chang et al., 2020). In theory, these new types of cities rely on data-driven decision-making, which holds the promise of creating safer communities, reducing environmental footprints, and boosting efficiency across key sectors through digitalization (Serrano, 2018; De Dutta & Prasad, 2020).