Confusion prediction from eye-tracking data: Experiments with machine learning

Joni Salminen, Haewoon Kwak, Soon Gyo Jung, Mridul Nagpal, Jisun An, Bernard J. Jansen

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceedingConference contributionpeer-review

11 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Predicting user confusion can help improve information presentation on websites, mobile apps, and virtual reality interfaces. One promising information source for such prediction is eye-tracking data about gaze movements on the screen. Coupled with think-aloud records, we explore if user's confusion is correlated with primarily fixation-level features. We find that random forest achieves an accuracy of more than 70% when prediction user confusion using only fixation features. In addition, adding user-level features (age and gender) improves the accuracy to more than 90%. We also find that balancing the classes before training improves performance. We test two balancing algorithms, Synthetic Minority Over Sampling Technique (SMOTE) and Adaptive Synthetic Sampling (ADASYN) finding that SMOTE provides a higher performance increase. Overall, this research contains implications for researchers interested in inferring users' cognitive states from eye-tracking data.

Original languageEnglish
Title of host publicationProceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information Systems and Technologies, ICIST 2019
PublisherAssociation for Computing Machinery
ISBN (Electronic)9781450362924
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 24 Mar 2019
Externally publishedYes
Event9th International Conference on Information Systems and Technologies, ICIST 2019 - Cairo, Egypt
Duration: 24 Mar 201926 Mar 2019

Publication series

NameACM International Conference Proceeding Series

Conference

Conference9th International Conference on Information Systems and Technologies, ICIST 2019
Country/TerritoryEgypt
CityCairo
Period24/03/1926/03/19

Keywords

  • Confusion detection
  • Eye tracking
  • Machine learning

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