Optimal placement of electric, hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (xEVs) in Indian power market

Rising atmospheric adulteration due to exponential growth in the number of on-road vehicles in India is raising an alarming situation for the urban communities. To mitigate this escalating issue, there is expanded accentuation on adoption alternative fuel based transportation system. This work deals with the optimal placement of electric and hybrid electric vehicle in Indian power market. In this work, an optimal framework based on switching mechanism from one trading place to another (i.e. power exchange based day ahead market, one to one bilateral power market and distribution company based power market) depending on the minimum purchasing (i.e. charging of xEVs) and maximum selling cost of energy (i.e. discharging of xEVs) was proposed. For the more realistic results four type of electric vehicle is considered and further, the uncertainty associated with the market price and load demand is also considered. To validate the proposed framework, a case study is executed. The result shows that under proposed methodology, the aggregator paid 4.22 % lesser cost of energy as compared to DA while 9.68% & 4.65% lesser as compared to bilateral and DISCOM based trading platform.