Product, process, property, and performance (PPPP) relationship of 3D-Printed polymers and polymer composites: Numerical and experimental analysis

Understanding the external and internal factors during an additive manufacturing (AM) process is crucial, as they can significantly affect the final product's performance. Efforts have been made to unwind the product, process, property, and performance (PPPP) relationships. The conventional experimental approaches can lead to boundless runs, resulting in exorbitant costs for research and development. Hence, developing, adapting, and validating numerical models is essential to achieving the desired performance of 3D -printed products with lesser resource utilization. In this study, numerical and experimental techniques were used to perform the PPPP relationship assessment on material extrusion 3D -printed parts. Three infill designs (rectangular, triangular, and hexagonal), with layer heights (0.1 mm, 0.125 mm, and 0.2 mm), and three different materials (carbon fiber -reinforced polyamide-6 (PA6-CF), polyamide-6 (PA6), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)), were selected for the investigation. Taguchi's design of experiments (DOE) method was used to limit the number of numerical simulations and experimental runs. A thermomechanical numerical model was utilized to perform the material extrusion process simulations and mechanical performance prediction of the specimens. Subsequently, the samples were 3D -printed and tested mechanically to validate the numerical simulation results. The dimensional, distortion, and mechanical analysis performed on numerical simulation results agreed well with the experimental observations. (c) 2023 Kingfa Scientific and Technological Co. Ltd. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY -NC -ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).