Sustainable energy, water and food nexus systems: A focused review of decision-making tools for efficient resource management and governance

Rapid population growth and increased urbanisation have contributed towards increased pressures on global energy, water and food (EWF) resource systems. Therefore, there is an imperative need for resilient and effective resource management that considers societal, environmental and economic components of sustainable development. In this regard, adopting a EWF Nexus approach that considers the interactions between sectors is fundamental. However, it requires the additional mobilisation of particular decision-making tools in order to completely address the question of resource utilisation. In fact, well-studied decision-making methodologies are necessary to sustain resources, address multi-scale challenges and ensure robust governance of EWF Nexus systems. This study highlights the current literature regarding the modelling approaches used for dynamic decision-making within the EWF Nexus focusing on mathematical optimisation, agent-based modelling and game theory. These algorithmic frameworks serve as strategic guidelines for policy makers and encourage effective decision-making related to maximising targets and minimising environmental burdens. Outcomes of this study demonstrate the complementary relationships that exist between the decision-making models highlighted, and how together with a EWF Nexus approach can be used for integrated resource management.